DEDICATION
The Canadian Council on Animal Care
dedicates this 2nd Edition of
Volume 1 of its Guide to the Care
and Use of Experimental Animals
to CCAC's founder and executive director
until his retirement in 1992, Dr. Harry Rowsell.
His vision and devotion to the cause of experimental
animal welfare have set an example which many
seek to emulate, but few achieve.
PREFACE
In 1961, the Committee on Animal Care of the Canadian
Federation of Biological Societies (CFBS) prepared a one-page placard outlining
"Guiding Principles for the Care of Experimental Animals". These principles
were quickly approved by most national scientific associations and, despite
their brevity, addressed essentially the same basic principles of animal
care embodied in this 2nd Edition of Volume 1 of the Canadian Council on
Animal Care (CCAC) Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals.
The hundreds of pages of information contained
in the current two volumes of the Guide represent steps in the evolution
of efforts by the CCAC to provide the means by which the use of animals
in research, teaching and testing in Canada can be performed in accord
with basic principles of humane treatment.
The CCAC is deeply indebted to the many veterinarians,
animal care employees, humane society members, administrators, scientists,
and others who have willingly contributed time and expertise to its programs
and projects. This edition of Volume 1 of the Guide is only one
example of the many CCAC-directed activities that owe their existence and
success to the tremendous generosity and good will of these Canadians.
Their broad participation in animal welfare is one of the most important,
and least-recognized, merits of the non-legislated, participatory, peer
review system employed in Canada.
|
| April, 1993 |
Donald P.J. Boisvert,
MD, PhD
Executive Director
Canadian Council on Animal Care |
FOREWORD
Since its inception in 1968, the Canadian Council
on Animal Care (CCAC) has brought about enhanced animal care and use through
education, voluntary compliance, and codes of ethics. The Council's unique
flexibility allows it to readily respond to the concerns of both the scientific
community and the general public, as exemplified by numerous amendments
to CCAC's "living documents," such as its Ethics of Animal Investigation,
which appear elsewhere in this Guide.
In line with increasing concerns for enrichment
of the animal's environment (see Social and Behavioural Requirements of
Experimental Animals), in addition to optimal physical standards, CCAC
is placing increased emphasis on performance standards: it is of primary
importance that the animal is comfortable and well-adjusted.
Local institutional Animal Care Committees
(ACC) or Animal Research Ethics Boards (AREB) were introduced by CCAC in
1968, and are now embodied in American legislation. These committees serve
as the "conscience" of the institution in order to ensure ethical concerns
are addressed in the protocols for and conduct of the research being undertaken.
As with its documentation, CCAC's assessment program and suggested terms
of reference for ACCs continue to be subject to considerable change as
experience is gained and new technology becomes available. Most of these
changes have come in response to concerns expressed by the scientific community,
although some have been influenced by concerns expressed by animal protection
organizations.
Contemporary animal care programs address the
comfort, health, safety and security of animals. At least to date, the
numbers of animals needed has steadily declined, at least partially because
of the scientific community's development of alternative techniques. Specific
Pathogen Free (SPF) rodents, rabbits, etc., have been introduced. Microbiological
and genetic monitoring have reduced animal disease, and thus diminished
animal suffering.
The following, as included in the Foreword
of Volume 1 of this Guide (1980) bears repeating:
"The increasing use of cell cultures,
microbial systems, computer simulation and other replacement techniques
provides clear evidence of the scientific community's commitment to implementing
the Russell-Burch tenet of 'reduction, replacement, and refinement' in
the use of experimental animals. However, such methods are, of necessity,
complementary to animal experimentation and are initially dependent on
animal-based research. The applicability of such techniques depends on
validation utilizing animal systems, and on clinical studies. Confirmation
of the data frequently requires the investigator to 'return to the whole
animal'."
In conclusion, it is not CCAC's responsibility to act
as an advocate for the many contributions made through the use of animals
in research. Its mandate is to develop programs to enhance animal care
and to make changes as required, based on sound expertise and input. However,
the Council maintains the right to advocate the benefits of its voluntary
control program. It is incumbent upon each institution to promulgate this
program by supporting the decisions of its ACC and the researcher who has
received the ACC's ethical approval for his/her studies.
Progress has been, and will continue to be
made when the scientific community and those in the general public concerned
with the welfare of animals join together to seek the middle ground. Through
responsible and learned discussion, without acrimony, extravagant zeal
for a cause, or polarized view, agreements will be made which will benefit
the animals we utilize in research, teaching, and mandatory testing.
CCAC guidelines are not all-encompassing or
"etched in stone". Their application requires good judgement and common
sense, based on training and experience. CCAC's program encourages the
development of consensus amongst those using the guidelines and those required
to oversee their application.
General reference works and publications dealing
with the care and use of experimental animals, if not available in institutional
libraries or facility reading rooms, may often be borrowed for limited
periods from the CCAC Secretariat library without charge, except for mailing
costs.
Harry C. Rowsell, OC, DVM, PhD
Executive Director (1968-92)
Canadian Council on Animal Care
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Secretariat would like to thank members of the
Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) for their careful perusal of and
input into the material contained in the chapter on Social and Behavioural
Requirements of Experimental Animals (SBREA). Directors of Animal Care
Services, Chairpersons of Animal Care Committees (ACC), and members of
the scientific community in Canada, the U.S. and abroad are also thanked
for their suggestions.
We are particularly grateful to the following
for comments regarding:
Non-human Primates:
Dr. Kathryn Bayne, U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services
Dr. Irwin Bernstein, University of Georgia
Dr. Carolyn Crockett, University of Washington
Dr. James Else, Yerkes Regional Primate Research
Center
Dr. Peter Gerone, Delta Regional Primate Research
Center
Dr. Matt Kessler, Caribbean Primate Research Center
Dr. Scott Line, University of California, Davis
Dr. Melinda Novak, University of Massachusetts
Dr. Viktor Reinhardt, Wisconsin Regional Primate
Research Center
Cats or Dogs:
Dr. Bonnie Beaver, Texas Veterinary Medical
Center
Dr. Douglas Boeckh, Merivale Cat Hospital
Dr. Charles Povey, Langford Inc.
Animals Used in Agricultural Research:
Dr. Neil Anderson, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture
and Food
Ms. Patricia Barker, Memorial University of Newfoundland
Dr. Ian Christison, University of Saskatchewan
Dr. Brenda Cross, University of Saskatchewan
Dr. Pascal Dubreuil, Bio-Research Laboratories Ltd.
Dr. David Fraser, Agriculture Canada
Dr. Helene Guttman, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Dr. Ruth Newberry, Agriculture Canada
Dr. Suzanne Robert, Agriculture Canada
Dr. Joseph Stookey, University of Saskatchewan
Dr. Tarjei Tennessen, Nova Scotia Agricultural College
Dr. William Threlfall, Memorial University of Newfoundland
The Council would also like to thank Dr. Tanya
Duke, University of Saskatchewan, for her contribution regarding the chapter
on Anesthesia and Dr. Mardi Collins, Animal Disease Research Institute
(ADRI), Ottawa, for her contribution regarding the chapter on Standards
for Experimental Animal Surgery. Finally, the Council acknowledges with
gratitude the efficiency and patience of the CCAC's staff through the many
revisions of this volume of this Guide.
CONTRIBUTORS
Dr. C.G. Bihun, Acting Head, Veterinary Diagnostic
Section, Animal Resources Division, Health Protection Branch, Health and
Welfare Canada, Sir Frederick Banting Research Centre, Tunney's Pasture,
Ottawa, Ontario K1A OL2.
Dr. D.P.J. Boisvert, Executive Director, CCAC,
1000-151 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3.
Dr. K.K. Carter, Animal Resources Centre, McGill
University, 3655 Drummond Street, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6.
Dr. B.M. Cross, Assistant Director, Animal
Resources Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N
0W0.
Dr. Gilles Demers, Associate Director of Assessments,
CCAC, 1000-151 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3.
Dr. I.J.H. Duncan, Department of Animal and
Poultry Science, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph,
Ontario N1G 2W1.
Dr. F.H. Flowers, R.R. No. 1, Flowers Road,
Whitefish, Ontario P0M 3E0 (rtd.).
Dr. P.E. Fritz, 8497 Devon Lane, Walkersville,
MD 21793 USA.
Dr. C.J. Harvey-Clark, Clinical Veterinarian,
Animal Care Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6199 South Campus
Road, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5.
Dr. George Iwama, Department of Animal Science,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 208-2357
Main Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4.
Dr. R.H. Latt, Director, Animal Resources Centre,
McGill University, 3655 Drummond Street, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6.
Dr. J.A. Love, Director of Animal Care, Animal
Care Centre, The University of British Columbia, 6199 South Campus Road,
Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5
Dr. G.E. Macallum, Parke-Davis Research Institute,
Warner-Lambert Canada Inc., 2270 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K
1B4.
Dr. Kathie McCutcheon, Director, Central Animal
Care Services, Room 23, Basic Medical Sciences Bldg., The University of
Manitoba, 730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3.
Dr. D.G. McKay, Biosciences Animal Service,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9.
Mrs. A.A. McWilliam, Information Officer, CCAC,
1000-151 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3.
Dr. D.H. Neil, Director, Health Sciences Laboratory
Animal Services, 1-40 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Heritage Wing,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2.
Mr. W.D. Pearce, Health Protection Branch,
Health and Welfare Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2.
Dr. H.C. Rowsell, 16 Sandwell Crescent, Kanata,
Ontario K2K 1V3 (rtd.).
Dr. M.K. Schunk, Veterinary Director, Animal
Care Services, Botterell Hall - B2, Queen's University, Stuart Street,
Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6.
Dr. J.H. Wong, Director of Assessments, CCAC,
1000-151 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3.
Social and Behavioural Requirements of Experimental
Animals (SBREA) Committee
Dr. A.F. Fraser (Chairman), Health Sciences
Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B
3V6 (rtd.).
Dr. M.M. Bailey, Director, Animal Care and
Veterinary Services, Health Sciences Centre, The University of Western
Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1.
Dr. Bernard Chapais, Département d'anthropologie,
Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale A, Montréal,
Québec H3C 3J7.
Mrs. Mary Driscoll, Calgary Humane Society,
Calgary, Alberta T3E 6E4. Mr. W.D. Pearce, Health Protection Branch, Health
and Welfare Canada, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2.
Dr. D.H. Percy, Department of Pathology, University
of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1. Dr. W.A. Rapley, Executive Director,
Biology and Conservation, Metro Toronto Zoo, P.O. Box 280, West Hill, Ontario
M1E 4R5.
Dr. M.K. Schunk, Veterinary Director, Animal
Care Services, Botterell Hall - B2, Queen's University, Stuart Street,
Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6.
Dr. A.M. Taylor, Director, Animal Care Centre,
Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. B3H 4H7. Dr. M.J. Walcroft, Assistant
Vice-President, Product Development Centre, Connaught Laboratories Ltd.,
1755 Steeles Avenue, West, Willowdale, Ontario M2R 3T4.
Dr. T.L. Wolfle, Director, Institute of Laboratory
Animal Resources, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418.
Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) ex-officio
Dr. F.H. Flowers, R.R. No. 1, Flowers Road,
Whitefish, Ontario P0M 3E0 (rtd.).
Mrs. A.A. McWilliam, Information Officer, CCAC,
1000-151 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3.
Dr. H.C. Rowsell, 16 Sandwell Crescent, Kanata,
Ontario K2K 1V3 (rtd.).
Dr. J.H. Wong, Director of Assessments, CCAC,
1000-151 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3.
Canadian Psychological Association Ad Hoc
Committee
Dr. C.D. Heth, Department of Psychology, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1.
Dr. H. Jenkins, McMaster University (rtd.)
Dr. B.G. Rule, University of Alberta (dec.)
Dr. R.W. Tait, Associate Dean, Faculty of Arts,
Room 308, Fletcher Bldg., The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba
R3T 2N2.
Dr. W.G. Webster, Dean, Social Sciences, Brock
University, Merrittville Highway, St. Catherines, Ontario L2S 3A1.
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