Module 03 - The Three Rs of Humane Animal Experimentation

Module Objectives

The objectives of this module are:

• To discuss the Three Rs as they were defined by Russell and Burch in 1959
• To introduce the concept of alternatives in research, teaching and testing
• To discuss the potentials and limitations of alternatives
• To consider examples of alternatives and how they may be used

Preface Questions

Two leading questions are posed here to stimulate the reader, and frame the importance of considering the Three Rs principles in striving to meet our ethical responsibilities for conducting humane animal experimentation.

The questions posed represent two of the more contentious issues in animal based research, teaching and testing: the numbers of animals being used, and the pain and suffering being experienced by these animals. The answers are presented as arguments for animal use, in terms of what is done to the animals, and in terms of how many are used. Do you think any of the answers are justified?